Ancient Akkadian Empire of Mesopotamia fossil coral provide new evidence that frequent winter shamals, contributed to its collapse.
The Akkadaina Empire, first empire of Mesopotamia was wiped out by strong dust storms, according to new research.
Researchers from Hokkaido University, the KIKAI Institute for Coral Reef Sciences, Kyushu University, and Kiel University made paleoclimatic reconstructions of the temperature and hydrological changes of the areas around the archaeological site of Tell Leilan, the center of the Akkadian Empire.
They sampled six 4,100-year-old fossil Porites corals from the Gulf of Oman, just directly downwind.
Past studies have shown that the Akkadian Empire likely collapsed due to abrupt drought and civil turmoil. However, the climatic dynamics which caused widespread agricultural failures and the end of an era have yet to be sufficiently explored.
“Although the official mark of the collapse of the Akkadian Empire is the invasion of Mesopotamia by other populations, our fossil samples are windows in time showing that variations in climate significantly contributed to the empire’s decline,” said Tsuyoshi Watanabe of Hokkaido University’s Department of Natural History Sciences.
The Akkadian Empire is believed to be 24th to 22nd century B.C.E. was the first united empire in Mesopotamia and thrived with the development of irrigation.
Yet, settlements appear to have been suddenly abandoned ca. 4,200 years ago, causing its collapse. The area would also not experience resettlement until about 300 years later.
The samples were aged by radiocarbon dating and geochemically analyzed to confirm they have not been significantly altered from their present state.
The fossil evidence shows that there was a prolonged winter shamal season accompanied by frequent shamal days.
The impact of the dust storms and the lack of rainfall would have caused major agricultural problems possibly leading to social instability and famine, both factors which have been previously associated with the collapse of the empire.
